Deadly Tensions
Can democracy stem the enduring impact of ethnic and religious diversity on lethal violence in the United States?
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From the colonial era to the present day, continuous waves of migration have helped create the rich mosaic of ethnic and religious groups that shape the U.S.
But a longterm investigation spanning almost 80 years has revealed there’s a significant association between increased ethnic and religious diversity and lethal violence.
The findings, published in the journal Crime, Law & Social Change, show that a perceived discrepancy between what individuals or groups believe they are entitled to and what they actually possess leads to frustration and violent behavior.
At the same time, the study also found that robust democratic governance can be a critical mitigating factor.
“Ethnic diversity, democratic performance, and lethal violence are shaped by a complex interplay of historical, political, and socio-economic factors,” writes the paper’s author, Saqib Amin.
But the democratic process, he says, reduces that risk.
“While ethnic diversity coupled with systemic inequalities and weak institutions can exacerbate violence, inclusive democratic governance can reduce risks through policies promoting political participation, civil rights, and economic equality.”
Amin argues that strengthening democratic institutions can be a powerful tool.
“One that enables policymakers to create environments where diverse populations can thrive without the destructive consequences of violence,” he writes.
The full article can be downloaded here or requested through your library using this citation: Amin, S. Deadly tensions: the enduring impact of ethnic and religious diversity on lethal violence in the united States 1945–2023. Crime Law Soc Change 83, 51 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-025-10233-6
D.L. Lee is the author of SISTERLY LOVE, a novel about two sisters who grow apart.
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